Subnet Mask Tutorial

The subnet mask plays an important role in computer networking. It's used to determine the subnetwork an IP address belongs to. It achieves this by masking the part of the IP address that will be used to create the subnetworks and not masking the portion of the IP address that will be used for host addresses.

Networks based on TCP/IP use subnet masking to split an IP address into two parts; the first part is used to divide the network into logical subnetworks, the second part is used to assign computers, otherwise known as hosts, to subnetworks. The subnet mask and IP address are interdependant; you look at the IP address in relation to the subnet mask to determine how many subnetworks and how many hosts per subnetwork there will be. We will focus solely on class C addresses as these are the most likely class readers of this article will encounter.

The subnet mask looks a lot like an IP address. It's a 32 bit address that's divided into 4 octets; each octet contains 8 bits.

A typical subnet mask looks like this: 255.255.255.192

The 255.255.255.192 address looks like this in binary: 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000

Consider the portion of the address that contains the string of 1's as the masked portion. Consider the portion of the address that contains the string of 0's as the unmasked portion. Understand that with class C addresses, the only octet we're interested in, in terms of creating subnetworks, is the last one; for the 255.255.255.192 (11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000) address, we are interested in the masking and not masking of the 11000000 octet. Here we can see that 2 bits have been masked to create subnetworks and the remaining 6 bits are unmasked and therefore used for host addresses on the aforementioned subnetworks. I will show you how to work out how many subnetworks and hosts per subnetworks this creates, but first I'll give you more of an insight into converting dotted decimal addresses (255.255.255.192) into binary notation (11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000).

How do we get 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000 from 255.255.255.192? It's actually quite easy.

Here's a table that shows you the decimal value of each bit in an octet:

128 | 64 | 32 | 16 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 1

We can tell by using this table as a reference that:

The 1st bit in an octet is worth 128
The 2nd bit in an octet is worth 64
The 3rd bit in an octet is worth 32
The 4th bit in an octet is worth 16
The 5th bit in an octet is worth 8
The 6th bit in an octet is worth 4
The 7th bit in an octet is worth 2
The 8th bit in an octet is worth 1

By adding the value of the bits represented by a 1 together, we can tell what the decimal value will be. Let's use the first octet as an example. The first octet is represented by all 1's which is 11111111, if we add the 1st to 8th bits, we get a value of 255 (128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 255).

Looking at the subnet mask, we have a lot of 1's followed by some 0's (11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000). Consider the string of 1's in the last octet as the portion used by the network for creating subnetworks and the string of 0's in the last octet as the portion used by the hosts for each subnetwork. Remember, the only octet we're interested in is the last one. Think of it this way, we are borrowing a few bits from the last octet in order to create the subnets. The more bits needed to create subnetworks, the fewer the bits remaining to create host addresses within each subnetwork.

It may help you to think of it like this; the more hosts needed in each subnetwork, the fewer subnetworks you're able to create. The more subnetworks created, the fewer the hosts able to reside on each subnetwork. We will go through a few examples, but first I need to explain a little more about class C subnet masks.

The subnet mask for Class C addresses, when not subnetted, looks like this: 255.255.255.0 which in binary is: 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

This allows for one network without any subnetworks because we have'nt borrowed any bits from the last octet to create subnetworks, and on that one network you can have 254 hosts; so if you had a 255.255.255.0 subnet mask and used a IP address 192.168.1.x where x denotes the range of available host addresses, the range would be from 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.254. You may be asking, where did the 192.168.1.0 and 192.168.1.255 addresses go? The 192.168.1.0 address is reserved for the network and the 192.168.1.255 address is reserved as a broadcast address. Please note that 2 addresses are always reserved for each subnetwork created, the address at the start of the range is reserved for the network, the address at the end of the range is reserved as a broadcast address. This means if you divide a network into 8 subnetworks, 16 addresses will be reserved; 2 for each subnetwork. Remember this when making provisions for network addresses.

Let's go through a few examples so you can see how borrowing bits from the last octet will effect the number of subnetworks and the number of hosts per subnetwork.

We know the subnet mask 255.255.255.192 looks like this in binary: 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000

Based on the binary notation of the 255.255.255.192 address, it's clear to see that 2 bits have been borrowed from the last octet to create subnetworks, which leaves 6 bits to be used to create host addresses. Working out how many subnetworks and hosts per subnetwork is rather easy; simply take the number of bits used and multiply 2 to the power of the number of bits and then minus by 2. In this example where 2 bits have been used for subnets, take 2 to the power of 2, which equals 4, then minus 2, which leaves 2; so there are 2 usable subnets. There are 6 bits for hosts, so we take 2 to the power of 6, which equals 64, then minus 2, which leaves 62 usable host addresses. This tells us that there are 2 usable subnets and 62 usable addresses per subnet. Remember, each range of addresses within a subnetwork has 2 addresses reserved for the network base address and the broadcast address. Each subnet has 2 addresses reserved for the subnet group address (all zeros) and the subnet broadcast address (all ones).

Based on an IP address of 192.168.1.x and a subnet mask of 255.255.255.192, these are the addresses related to the usable subnets

192.168.1.64 (Reserved for Network Address)
192.168.1.65 to 192.168.1.126 (Range of usable addresses)
192.168.1.127 (Reserved for Broadcast Address)

192.168.1.128 (Reserved for Network Address)
192.168.1.129 to 192.168.1.190 (Range of usable addresses)
192.168.1.191 (Reserved for Broadcast Address)

Let's go through another example.

We know the subnet mask 255.255.255.240 looks like this in binary: 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000

We can see that 4 bits have been borrowed to create subnetworks, leaving 4 bits for host addresses. 2 to the power of 4 equals 16, minus 2 leaves 14 usable subnetworks each with 14 usable host addresses. Here's a list of all usable subnets and the range of addresses those subnets use:

192.168.1.16 (Reserved for Network Address)
192.168.1.17 to 192.168.1.30 (Range of usable addresses)
192.168.1.31 (Reserved for Broadcast Address)

192.168.1.32 (Reserved for Network Address)
192.168.1.33 to 192.168.1.46 (Range of usable addresses)
192.168.1.47 (Reserved for Broadcast Address)

192.168.1.48 (Reserved for Network Address)
192.168.1.49 to 192.168.1.62 (Range of usable addresses)
192.168.1.63 (Reserved for Broadcast Address)

192.168.1.64 (Reserved for Network Address)
192.168.1.65 to 192.168.1.78 (Range of usable addresses)
192.168.1.79 (Reserved for Broadcast Address)

192.168.1.80 (Reserved for Network Address)
192.168.1.81 to 192.168.1.94 (Range of usable addresses)
192.168.1.95 (Reserved for Broadcast Address)

192.168.1.96 (Reserved for Network Address)
192.168.1.97 to 192.168.1.110 (Range of usable addresses)
192.168.1.111 (Reserved for Broadcast Address)

192.168.1.112 (Reserved for Network Address)
192.168.1.113 to 192.168.1.126 (Range of usable addresses)
192.168.1.127 (Reserved for Broadcast Address)

192.168.1.128 (Reserved for Network Address)
192.168.1.129 to 192.168.1.142 (Range of usable addresses)
192.168.1.143 (Reserved for Broadcast Address)

192.168.1.144 (Reserved for Network Address)
192.168.1.145 to 192.168.1.158 (Range of usable addresses)
192.168.1.159 (Reserved for Broadcast Address)

192.168.1.160 (Reserved for Network Address)
192.168.1.161 to 192.168.1.174 (Range of usable addresses)
192.168.1.175 (Reserved for Broadcast Address)

192.168.1.176 (Reserved for Network Address)
192.168.1.177 to 192.168.1.190 (Range of usable addresses)
192.168.1.191 (Reserved for Broadcast Address)

192.168.1.192 (Reserved for Network Address)
192.168.1.193 to 192.168.1.206 (Range of usable addresses)
192.168.1.207 (Reserved for Broadcast Address)

192.168.1.208 (Reserved for Network Address)
192.168.1.209 to 192.168.1.222 (Range of usable addresses)
192.168.1.223 (Reserved for Broadcast Address)

192.168.1.224 (Reserved for Network Address)
192.168.1.225 to 192.168.1.238 (Range of usable addresses)
192.168.1.239 (Reserved for Broadcast Address)

You now have enough of an understanding about subnet masks to be able to provision IP addresses based on varying subnetting situations. Please read my VLSM Tutorial to learn how to use the more advanced concept of variable length subnet masks.

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The Importance Of Network Security

Since the rise in popularity of the Internet, we have started to use our computers for a much wider range of tasks than ever before. At home, we buy our groceries, do our banking, buy birthday presents, send communications via email, write our life story on social networking sites; at work, our businesses provide e-commerce via websites, staff send and recieve emails, phonecalls and video conferencing are done through the network using IP based servcices; all of this is done online and it would present a serious security threat if it wasn't for the fact we have various security measures at our disposal. I would like to cover some basic examples of how network security helps to keep us safe online, both at home and in the workplace.

Any computer network used for business should employ good network security practices in order to keep free from attacks by hackers. There are a number of ways a hacker can hurt your business:

Denial Of Service
A denial of service attack is used to make your network, or more precisely your website, unavailable to potential users; they do this by flooding the web server with so many requests for information that it uses up all the resources of the web server, which either makes the web server crash, or slow down so much that it can't handle requests from the websites' intended users, your customers.

BlackHat Hacking
There are people called hackers with enough technical knowledge to be able to penetrate insecure networks with the intent of doing damage to the devices attached on the network and costing the company as much money as possible. Typical damage would involve changing the configuration of network devices such as servers and routers so that the network becomes unavailable; this can take a long time to fix, which translates to a loss of earnings where productivity is drastically reduced. Even worse, a hacker can gain access to sensitive information such as credit card details or client/patient records, they can even take control of your network based phone system and make expensive long distance calls at your expense. The damage done can cost your company thousands of pounds, if not more, over the space of a weekend alone.

At home, a hacker has less scope to do damage, but if you keep sensitive information on your PC, like credit card details or scanned images of important documents such as passports and driving licenses, it's clear to see that a hacker can cause you all sorts of grief.

There are a number of technologies and devices that can help keep your network safe:

Firewall
A firewall uses a set of rules to allow or deny access to a network; typically a firewall lives inside of a router. This router is likely to be the peiece of hardware that sits on the edge of your network and provides access to the Internet. The set of rules are based on opening and closing ports relating to protocols; if the network users don't use a certain protocol, then the router will keep that port closed.

Access Control Lists
An access control list is very much like a firewall; it filters traffic based on a number of metrics contained within an IP packet. The Access Control List (ACL) will be configured to check each packets' source and destination IP address, also the source and destination port number. The network administrator will write the ACL, specifying which range of IP addresses can talk to which other range of IP addresses and which protocols they can use when communicating. This makes it very hard for a hacker to gain access around a network, where each router is doing its best to block unauthorised access.

Encryption
Encryption is simple; an algorithm is used to turn meaningful information into a format that makes no sense and can only be decrypted by someone with access to the specific algorithm. Whenever sending sensitive information across the internet, it's advisable to send it using high levels of encryption.

WEP / WPA
Nowadays, everyone has got a wireless network at home, allowing them to access the Internet using their laptop in any room. Protecting your wireless network is a must, otherwise anyone geographically close to you can connect to your network; this is a hackers paradise. Research has shown that WPA and the new version, WPA2, are far more secure than WEP. So when you're next setting up your wireless home router, make sure your security is set to WPA2.

Simply following the aforementioned advice will stand you in good stead, your computer networks and information will be more secure.

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Ipv4 Addressing Tutorial

IPv4 addresses are 32 bit binary numbers that allow devices to communicate with each other using the TCP/IP suite of protocols. A typical scenario of two IP devices communicating with each other would be your computer talking to a web server on the internet in order to display a webpage contained on the web server. An IP address is made up of 4 octets, each octet contains 8 bits, thus totalling 32 bits. This article relates to class C IP addresses only, which are the bread and butter of computer networking.

This is what an IP address looks like: 192.168.1.126

The Binary numeral system uses 0 and 1, so each bit in the address is represented as either 0 or 1.

The 192.168.1.126 address written in binary looks like: 11000000.10101000.00000001.01111110

How do we get 11000000.10101000.00000001.01111110 from 192.168.1.126? It's actually quite easy.

Here's a table that shows you the decimal value of each bit in an octet:

128 | 64 | 32 | 16 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 1

We can tell by using this table as a reference that:

The 1st bit in an octet is worth 128
The 2nd bit in an octet is worth 64
The 3rd bit in an octet is worth 32
The 4th bit in an octet is worth 16
The 5th bit in an octet is worth 8
The 6th bit in an octet is worth 4
The 7th bit in an octet is worth 2
The 8th bit in an octet is worth 1

Let's use the first octet in the 192.168.1.126 address as an example (the decimal value of the first octet is 192), we will convert it from decimal to binary. In order to do this, we look at the table and find out which bits when added together will add up to exactly 192.

By doing some simple maths, we know that 128 + 64 = 192, so we know that the bits relating to 128 and 64 should be represented with a 1 and the remaining bits should be represented with a 0. This gives us the following binary number: 11000000

Let's do another example, but this time using the second octet of the 192.168.1.126 address. We know we have to get 168 by adding up a certain combination of bits. If we add 128 and 32 and 8 together, we get 168, which means that the bits corresponding to 128 and 32 and 8 will be represented by a 1 and the remaining bits will be represented by a 0. This gives us the following binary number: 10101000

One last example using the thrid octet of the 192.168.1.126 address. We have to get 1, we know that the 8th bit has a value of 1, so all the bits other than the 8th bit will have a value of 0. This gives us the following binary number: 00000001

You should now understand the relationship between 192.168.1.126 and 11000000.10101000.00000001.01111110

You now have the foundation needed to understand more advance IP addressing concepts. Please read my Subnet Mask Tutorial in order to understand how to subnet an IP address.

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Cloud Computing Security Tips - 3 Tips to Keeping Your Cloud Data Safe

Computer security is more important nowadays than it was 10 years ago, because there are so many sensitive operations performed using on. What this means is that for someone who is working with such data, it's mandatory that he or she will benefit from a form of backup that will guarantee he or she will recover the files lost due to some unexpected system crashes or hardware failures.

For any IT professional out there, data security is the main problem they are dealing with when it comes to cloud computing. Even though out there many services like EC2 from Amazon are serving many clients around the world, it seems that some people have data that is much more sensitive and needs to be properly protected. The majority of companies that are offering cloud services offer the same server instance to many of their clients using the same hardware and what this means is that data can easily get lost, as there is little control that the user has over where the data actually lives.

This shouldn't be a problem though, as for clients that need to have their data protected from failure (like HIPPA and PCI organizations) can delve into private cloud computing. Security is very important for such organizations and it's not to be disregarded how important the control over the stored data is.

As such, before delving into having cloud options compared, there are 3 tips to be considered.

Tip #1: Knowing where the data lives. No one can secure their data if they don't know where it is. Most intruders can be kept away by making use of intrusion detection programs and firewalls and the data encryption can easily have the stored data safe, but what will happen if the service provider goes bankrupt or the user will decide to quit taking advantage of this service? Well, the only answer to having data stored securely and not getting "lost in the clouds" is by having a dedicated machine for this task which will allow for cloud computing services to comply with the harshest security guidelines out there.

Tip #2: Backing up should always be done. If there is one aspect of cloud computing that is overlooked, that's the fact that whatever happens, any user should make sure that they have a copy of their data someplace they can always reach out to no matter what. It will provide the necessary peace of mind anyone having sensitive data stored needs. Big companies like T-Mobile have had such failures in the past and they resulted in permanent customer data losses.

Tip #3: Security must be taken seriously by the data center. If the user knows the name of the server and the data center on which data is stored in, he or she will be able to easily conduct some research and see if the data is really one hundred percent safe. Checking to see if the company has PCI or HIPPA certified clients or whether the company is SSAE sixteen or SAS seventy audited will further more offer peace of mind in regards to the security level. More to that, managed services can also be a solution for those who are looking for their data to be protected 24/7.

Conclusion

Being 100% that data is safe within the cloud is a reality, but not always guaranteed. Like with most things out there, solid research is recommended before hand and when it comes to security, anyone should be "better safe than sorry".

Michael Maxstead is a computer networking consultant who likes to write about VPN and Networking related technologies. If you visit his website VPNreviewz.com you can learn about hidemyass.com and proxy server.

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VPN and VPN Protocols

VPN stands for virtual private network, and it's a type of technology that establishes a secure network connection over a public network, like the internet, or even within a service provider's private network. Different institutions like government agencies, schools, and big corporations utilize the services of a VPN, so that their users will be able to connect securely to their private networks.

Just like with wide area network (WAN), VPN technology have the ability to link several sites together, even those separated over a large distance. With the case of educational institutions, to connect campuses together, even those located in another country, VPN is used for this purpose.

To use a virtual private network, users are required to provide a username and password for authentication. Some VPN connections also need to be provided a PIN (personal identification number), usually made up of unique verification code, which can be found in the form of a token. The said PIN changes every couple of seconds, and is matched with the account's username and password. Even if the token is stolen, it will be useless without the aforementioned information.

A virtual private network is able to maintain privacy through the use of security procedures and tunneling protocols. I have listed below the different VPN protocols and their description:

PPTP

Because it makes use of 128 bit keys to encrypt traffic, PPTP or Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol is considered a less secure protocol than others. However, for many users, this will already do, especially when they connect with a VPN only for personal use.

L2TP

A more secure choice is Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol or L2TP, because it works together with IPSec protocol that utilizes better protected encryption algorithms than what's used with PPTP. The combination of the 3DES encryption algorithm and a 168 bit keys are what make L2TP encryption more powerful.

SSTP

Secure Socket Tunneling Protocol or SSTP is considered the most secure of all protocols, since it is a SSL VPN protocol, and uses 2048 bit encryption keys, as well as authentication certificates.

The reason why it's the strongest out of all VPN protocols is that it has the ability to operate even on network environments that blocks VPN protocols. Some countries like Belize do not allow the use of VPN connections, and there are certain companies that do this as well. VPN with SSTP protocol is useful for these types of situations.

With the above information, you can match up the type of VPN protocols that can work best for you. If you only want the service because you want to feel safe and secure when browsing the web at home or hotspot connections, PPTP will work well with you. If you need more protection than what a PPTP can provide, you only have to go to the next one to answer you needs.

Michael Maxstead is a proud contributing author who writes articles on several subjects including VPN and Technology. You can read more of Michael's articles and learn about vpn services and vpn software review located at VPNreviewz.com.

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/6289773

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2wire Router At&t Dsl Install

If you are reading this document, you probably are looking for on how to set up your new At&t dsl 2wire router. Throughout this document I will be using a 2wire 2700HG-B dsl router, but this tutorial will also apply to other routers that 2wire provides At&t with.

The first thing to do when setting up your 2wire dsl router is plug the dsl filters into all your phone jacks, where you plan having a telephone. On one of the dsl filters, you should see a dual filter that reads Phone and DSL/HPNA, on the side that says DSL/HPNA plug a phone line into this port, then run the other end of the phone line into the phone port on the back of the 2wire router.

After you have connected the phone line, plug a ethernet cable into port 1 of the router, then connect the other end of the ethernet cable into your pc. Once you have made the connections between your pc and the dsl modem, and the modem and the dsl filter. You can then plug in the power adapter into the router, then plug the power adapter into the wall outlet.

Once the 2wire dsl router powers up, you should see a green light next to power, ethernet, and dsl. Once you see these lights turn green on your 2wire router, the next that you need to do is open a web browser such as Internet Explorer. After you open your web browser, you should see a windows that resembles the one below. Once you see this window, press the next button, which should then ask you to download the 2wire dsl setup tool.exe.

Once you have installed the 2wire dsl setup tool, the 2wire gateway authentication screen should open, simply select the yes button. After you have authenticated your 2wire router, you must set an administrative password for your router. I recommend setting a password with upper and lower case, with a few numbers for security reasons. This password will come in handy if you are trying to change settings on your 2wire router. To access the router in the future to change any settings, simply type 192.168.1.254 into your web browser.

After you have set a password for your router, click the next button to begin registering your 2wire modem with At&t. After you have registered your router, read through the agreement then click I Agree button. After you have accepted the agreement with At&t sbc yahoo dsl, you will need to create a user name and password for your dsl account. To begin setting up your new user name and password enter you land line telephone number that you have received from At&t.

Now that you have created your new username and password, there will be another progress screen, then click the finish button. After you have completed the about steps, close down your current browser and reboot your computer, this will resolve any network problems. After you pc reboots open you web browser and being surfing the internet with your at&t 2wire dsl router.

If you are interested in port forwarding on your 2wire router, open a web browser and type in 192.168.1.254 into the URL address bar. Once you have clicked the submit button and window resembling the one below should appear. The password that you created earlier for you 2wire router, will be the one you use here when changing setting on your 2wire dsl router.

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Expand Your Business With Business Voip

If you are a small business owner that is used to working out of your home, expansion may seem out of the question due to the fact that you do not actually have an office to hire employees into. However, if communication and customer reposes are the issue then you can transform this situation easily by taking a look at a business telephone system that does not require your employees to physically be in the same location in order to take and make phone calls from one central line: Business VoIP.

Virtual business VoIP is unique in the fact that it allows calls to be routed anywhere from one central phone number with free extensions worked into most packages. Therefore, you can hire employees that are spread out across the country if outsourcing is the most affordable way to get around office space and still have phone calls routed to them as needed by only handing customers one phone number.

This is great if what you really need is help with customer service queries so that you can focus back on development of your company, as you can hire a virtual secretary that is millions of miles away without any concerns.

The way that small business VoIP or cloud VoIP works is simple, which is also what makes it such an affordable choice for a business that is just starting to get off the ground. Business VoIP is grounded on the fact that it runs through the internet line instead of through an actual physical phone line, thus, in order to use the VoIP service all you and your employees need to have is an internet connection that can be plugged into. This is the first step in getting your new business VoIP for small businesses off the ground.

The second step is to actually set it up, as most business pbx comes with auto attendant, free music, free extensions, and more special perks to help make your service professional and reliable. Thus, your task will be telling the business VoIP service you choose the numbers that you need extensions for so that they can program them into your auto attendant.

That is about all that you need to do, as the cloud VoIP provider will take care of all maintenance and server tasks so that you can immediately start taking advantage of the new service.

The nice thing about adding business VoIP to your business is that it will also offer you a great deal of additional flexibility when it comes to your business. As a small business owner you no doubt often find yourself inundated with tasks that need taken care of, and so much work to do that the idea of leaving the home is always a concern for fear of missing an important business call.

However, when you have an internet VoIP system in place you can have calls automatically routed to your mobile phone so that you can come and go as you like and still never miss an important phone call during business hours.

Finally, the best part about going with a cloud VoIP service as your business internet telephone system is the fact that it can be as small or as large as you want at any time. Almost all providers offer you the option to shrink or increase your plan as needed depending on the amount of employees and calls you receive on a regular basis. This flexibility makes business VoIP a no-risk venture so there really is no reason not to try it out and start reaping the rewards.

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Cisco Telephony Providing The Very Best In Communications Hardware

Every modern business has come to depend upon up to date information and communication technology hardware within the last couple of decades. The manner in which businesses operate has noticeably changed due to modern communications having advanced. There are not many aspects of the business world which have not developed with such improvements. For a business to keep up their presence in the market they have to make sure that the their hardware and software is both current and fully maintained. Cisco telephony delivers high quality hardware which features the very latest technology and capabilities.

One of the foremost services which Cisco telephony offers is network acceleration. Within the majority of businesses you'll see a computer network, with internet access and intranet access along with file and printer sharing. When this sort of network is used constantly by a great number of people accessing large volumes of data, the speed of the network can be greatly reduced resulting in frustration among employees and impairing output. Through network acceleration as supplied by Cisco telephony the speed of the network may be significantly increased with additional bandwidth being made available.

Of great importance to companies is the voice over IP service available from Cisco telephony. This service allows employees within a business, or even external to the business that utilise the same system, to talk over the local network or the internet. Cisco telephony voice over IP offers safe and reliable communication among departments and suppliers without the expense of another telecommunications contractor. Call made within such system are secure and won't be vulnerable to any treats to the network.

The products offered by Cisco telephony include the advantage that they've the capacity for further features to be integrated at a later date. This will be beneficial if a company is growing or new departments are being created with additional employees. Moreover, more modern capabilities could be used with existing hardware whenever they become available. Consequently a business will always have access to the latest developments and the most current technology through Cisco telephony. This is more important than ever before with the rate at which developments take place and new systems become available.

The products and services offered by Cisco telephony cover a number of solutions for modern businesses to satisfy their communication and hardware needs. The principle systems including network acceleration and voice over IP are versatile because they can be added to through Cisco telephony in order to meet the particular business requirements. An extensive service is offered whereby businesses can be assured of reliability and security and can have peace of mind when using the very latest technology. Whatever communications solutions are needed by the modern business you can find a range of hardware systems which can be installed to fulfil the requirement.

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